Conservation tillage eliminates or restricts tilling in traditional tilling, surface soil is inverted, plant residue buried bare soil. Soil conservation is a set of management strategies for prevention of soil being eroded from the earths surface or becoming chemically altered by overuse, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination. Soil conversation involves working to reduce contamination and depletion. Such farming methods attempt to mimic the biology of barren lands. Iv soil conservation david sanders encyclopedia of life support systems eolss symptom of bad land use and management. Thus, biological measures are an effective method of soil and water conservation, especially since they are low in cost. Soil conservation practices are tools the farmer can use to prevent soil degradation and build organic matter.
Ppt soil erosion and conservation powerpoint presentation. Soil can be drained away or contaminated, destroying it for use. Soil conservation is fundamentally a matter of determining a correct form of land use and. Among all these soil conservation techniques, vetiver grass is a prominent feature, since it is the most resilient and suitable grass for stabilizing the soil. Methods for sustaining soil and water conservation measures. Soil and water conservation 265 life on this planet, as the so il is an essential resource to suppor t plants for producing food, and to provide shelter to insects and animals. Corn growing in a notillage system plot as part of the longterm sustainable agriculture demonstration project at beltsville, maryland.
It also causes other problems that affect soil and water. Soil conservation and management in developing countries. Soil conservation is an important part of sustainable agriculture and food production, since it entails keeping soil from becoming a pollutant in the surface waters, and its ability to sieve and filter pollutants that would otherwise end up in drinking water. Conservation agriculture can help overcome both by conserving soil and by storing water in the soil. Thus, soil and water conservation practices are becoming increasingly important in the arid and semiarid. Indigenous soil and water conservation in africa introduction many parts of africa are experiencing annual population growth rates between 2 and 4 %, degradation of the natural resource base, recurrent droughts and a growing dependence on food aid as well as the import of cereals to cover food deficits. Soil conservation includes all those measures which help in protecting the soil from erosion and exhaustion. Association of soil and water conservation waswac, which is a. Soil loss and loss of soil fertility can be traced back to a number of. The various approaches to soil conservation, including no tillage, ca, and slm, are not separate concepts, but components of a continuum of conservation approaches applicable at different levels. Conservation techniques conserve water within the biomass and the soil by reducing runoff and keeping the water where it falls, as much as possible. Studies of farming systems and methods of land management e.
Table 3 summarises wind erosion control practices currently used on arable land, and at susceptible sites in the hill country and mountain lands. Types of soil and soil conservation in hindi unacademy. Soil conservation is important because soil is crucial for many aspects of human life as it provides food, filters air and water and helps to decompose biological waste into nutrients for new plant life. Describe conditions that influence clay flocculation and dispersion. Three methods of soil conservation include the prevention of soil erosion, reducing tillage and rotational grazing to prevent overgrazing. Fanya juu soil conservation structure on selected soil. It is an expensive method or reducing soil erosion since it requires moving soil to construct the leveled areas, protecting the steep areas between terraces and constant repair and maintenance.
The next pages will give you a short overview of the three types of soil and water conservation measures. More information about soil and water conservation measures are presented on the website of wocat world overview of conservation approaches and technologies. Conclusion biological method of soil conservation is various ways of maintaining a cover of vegetation during the periods of high erosion threat. Information has been gathered from individual knowledge and personal notes along with past often unpublished, or scarce copies of, printed material. Conservation tillage, the most important aspect of ca, is thought to take care of the soil health, plant growth and the environment. Soil conservation farming involves notill farming, green manures and other soil enhancing practices. Consequently, different soil conservation strategies must be employed in different places and among different peoples. If erosion is severe, you can combine conservation agriculture with other techniques to control erosion. Several mechanical methods are used to control and prevent erosion. Soil management inappropriate land use activities often cause changes in soil conditions, which in turn contribute to soil erosion. In order to equip the community as well as mdt members with the basic knowledge about these mechanical measures, this manual for soil conservation works has been prepared. Causes of soil degradation and methods for soil conservation. What is soil conservation and what are various ways to. Mechanical control of erosion te ara encyclopedia of new.
This material is provisionally made accessible in the present form in order to make the contents widely available in advance of eventual printing. Conservation tillage impacts on soil, crop and the. Effect of various cultivation methods on the structure and. Land degradation soil degradation is the decline in soil quality caused by its improper use, usually for agricultural, pastoral, industrial or urban purposes. Start studying apes food, soil conservation and pest management. These activities will propose and executed by the gram panchayats. Modern concepts of soil conservation sciencedirect. Soil conservation encyclopedia of life support systems. Some of the methods that must be adopted for conserving soil are as follows. They can revive damaged soil, minimize erosion, encourage plant growth, eliminate the use of nitrogen fertilizer or fungicide, produce aboveaverage. Unesco eolss sample chapters land use, land cover and soil sciences vol. Terracing is the only practical method of soil conservation on steep land. This chapter gives tables and graphs of runoff curve numbers cns assigned to. Chapter 10 estimation of direct runoff from storm rainfall.
Soil science fundamentals exam performance objectives. Water harvesting techniques gather water from an area termed the catchment area and channel it to the cropping area or wherever it is required. Conservation techniques can be classed into agronomic measures. Soil erosion has been continuing over, such a large part of india. They discuss the dust bowl and poor land management from the 1940s to infer how we can be better. Soil and water conservation is the basis of such a program, and also helps improve land impoverished by erosion and overusemakes it more productive so that it can support more people. Soil conservation contour plowing soil conservation and sustainable agriculture 5. Soil conservation can be defined as the combination of the appropriate land use and management practices that promotes the produc tive and sustainable use of soils and, in the process, minimizes soil erosion and other forms of land degradation. Additionally, these can be used with structural and agronomic measures. Biological soil and water conservation measures learning. In order to keep the land productive, a good conservation program is imperative. Soil conservation is the best way to make sure that we have the land we need to live on or, in my case, live in.
The bare ground between plants is covered with a layer of organic matter like straw. Soil conservation an overview sciencedirect topics. This act established catchment boards and enabled the appropriation of government and local body funds to assist with the construction of erosion control measures and. In order to do this proper land utilisation coupled with agricultural practices should be adopted. It encompasses physical soil erosion, chemical salinity and alkalinity, pollution and biological deterioration pollution and.
Conserving soil and water welcome to act conservation. Remigios is a doctoral student at the university of fort hare abstract. Sustainable agriculture therefore conserves water in the soil through a variety of methods almost similar to the methods used to control soil erosion. Oct 15, 2015 soil conservation is a combination of all methods of management and land use that safeguard the soil against depletion or deterioration by natural or humaninduced factors. Many conservation practices represent mature technologies directed at stabilizing the soil by promoting the formation of larger and more cohesive. Techniques and approaches of addressing coupled transport of carbon and. Pdf accelerated soil erosion, driven by anthropogenic activities such as. Apes food, soil conservation and pest management quizlet. Contour farming, crop rotation, strip cropping, choice of crops, mulching, cover crop, reforestation, mixed crop, wind breaks are major biological soil conservation methods. The problem of soil conservation is very complicated and is receiving attention of scientists and engineers. Home soil conservation methods are the techniques that can be utilized at home to preserve and improve soil quality. Land degradation, soil erosion and soil conservation pmf ias. In drier areas, you can combine it with waterharvesting methods to make more water available to the crop.
The study guide can effectively contribute to emerging participatory research and extension approaches, while addressing one of the critical constraints in the smallholder production systems in the region. Chapter 10 estimation of direct runoff from storm rainfall 630. The actual art of soil conservation is based on certain basic principles which include. Soil conservation soil conservation is an important part of sustainable agriculture and food production, since it entails keeping soil from becoming a pollutant in the surface waters, and its ability to sieve and filter pollutants that would otherwise end up in drinking water. Handbook of channel design for soil and water conservation1 introduction the factors to consider in openchannel flow and stability, together with graphical methods for designing conservation channels, are pre sented in this handbook. Several types of biological soil and water conservation measures exist see figure. Urban hydrology for small watersheds chapter 1 introductionintroduction the conversion of rural land to urban land usually increases erosion and the discharge and volume of storm runoff in a watershed. Pdf water conservation for agriculture researchgate. Broadly categorizing there are two methods of soil conservation. Describe how ph test method influences ph readings. Dec 19, 2016 conclusion biological method of soil conservation is various ways of maintaining a cover of vegetation during the periods of high erosion threat. Soil management is to create optimum conditions for plant growth through improved soil fertility and structure.
No tillage is important at the detailed, farm level, while ca and slm are important at the farming systems and corporate levels. Tied ridges are also used in various farming systems. Use these handson activities to help your students understand. In addition to improving soil fertility, water harvesting, enhancing the soil water retention capacity and reducing soil erosion are measures that could significantly improve agricultural productivity in rainfed marginal environments. Methods and materials in soil conservation a manual written and illustrated by john charman consultant to fao under the supervision of rod gallacher, technical officer soil conservation agll, fao. Paul brown talks on why soil health is important to farming duration. The mechanical practices of soil conservation include various engineering techniques and structures which are adopted to supplement the biological methods when the latter alone are not sufficiently effective. Soil conservation consists of protecting the soil from water runoff through mulching, planting of cover crops, and contour ridges construction. Crop rotation is a tool that enables farmers to increase soil organic matter content, soil structure and rooting depth. Soil management is to create optimum conditions for plant growth through improved soil.
What is soil conservation and methods of soil conservation. Soil conservation and water conservation are achieved simultaneously and go handinhand. Soil conservation is the practice of protecting the soil against erosion or deterioration. The erosion of siwaliks has been studied by glover and hamilton 1935 and gorrie 1951 and various methods have been suggested for soil conservation. Flumes flumes are artificial channels that control the flow of water down a slope and release it into an area where its impact is reduced. Erosion caused in this case by an intense thunderstorm squall lifting the soil from the fields photo by arjen verkaik, skyart productions. If you see your soil eroding, protect it with grass or plants. The current study assessed the effectiveness of soil conservation techniques and treevegetable systems for soil erosion. Solved examples with detailed answer description, explanation are given and it would be easy to understand. Soil conservation is the name given to a handful of techniques aimed at preserving the soil. Soil conservation practices control wind or water erosion by limiting soil particle detachment and transportation. In this agricultural management lesson, students study how to use good practices for soil conservation. It is only in recent years that soil erosion problems have received attention of engineers. Scientists have developed a set of recommendations and methods for sustaining the benefits of swc measures implemented in the ethiopian highlands over time.
Soil conservation measures should aim at preventing or at least minimising the soils loss. Soil erosion wreaks havoc on our environment, and soil conservation is the effort to prevent erosion and improve the quality of soil. Soil erosion, use of chemical pesticides and herbicides, unsustainable agricultural practices, excessive farming, water pollution and land pollution are some of the aspects upsetting the natural functions of the soil. Soil degradation is a serious global environmental problem and may be exacerbated by climate change. Methods for sustaining soil and water conservation measures in ethiopia water, land and ecosystems. Soil and water conservation engineering, seventh edition. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. The choice of zimbabwe as a case study is premised on the fact that. Rain garden refers to a small and shallow depression in your yard that you can use to collect storm water in order for you to grow some wetland crops. Indigenous knowledge systems and the conservation of natural resources in the shangwe community in gokwe district, zimbabwe renias ngara ngara renias is a master of arts in music student at the university of fort hare remigios v.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The soil conservation technical handbookis a comprehensive collection of know how about soil conservation in new zealand. This lesson covers different types of soil found in india and measures taken for soil conservation. Some of this material is derived from internal regional council manuals and. If you see something thats making the soil sick, do everything you can to make the soil healthy again. For effective conservation of soil and water, we must treat and use the. Pdf soil conservation and ecosystem services researchgate.